Method of manufacturing electrode

ABSTRACT

To increase the conductivity and electric capacity of an electrode which includes active material particles and the like and is used in a battery, a graphene net including 1 to 100 graphene sheets is used instead of a conventionally used conduction auxiliary agent and binder. The graphene net which has a two-dimensional expansion and a three-dimensional structure is more likely to touch active material particles or another conduction auxiliary agent, thereby increasing the conductivity and the bonding strength between active material particles. This graphene net is obtained by mixing graphene oxide and active material particles and then heating the mixture in a vacuum or a reducing atmosphere.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a variety of electric appliancesincluding a particulate material, particularly to power storage devicessuch as batteries and a variety of electric appliances including thepower storage devices.

BACKGROUND ART

In a manganese battery, an alkaline battery, a nickel-hydride battery, alithium battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, and the like, aparticulate material is used as an active material for storingelectricity, and a binder is necessary to bind such particles. A generalbinder is a polymer organic compound with extremely low conductivity.Therefore, a conduction auxiliary agent such as acetylene black,graphite particles, or carbon fibers is mixed into the material so as toincrease the conductivity (see Patent Document 1).

Specifically, active material particles, the conduction auxiliary agent,and the binder are mixed, and the mixture is applied onto a currentcollector, molded, and then dried to be used as an electrode such as apositive electrode or a negative electrode. A similar procedure isapplied to other electric appliances including a particulate material,without limitation to a battery.

In the case where the conductivity of active material particlesthemselves is low, it is necessary to add a larger amount of conductionauxiliary agent or to form a conductive film using carbon or the likeover the surfaces of the active material particles (to carbon coat).Further, in the case where the ion conductivity of the active materialparticles is low in a power storage device utilizing ion conductivity(e.g., lithium ion secondary battery), it is necessary to use activematerial particles with a small particle size.

For example, lithium cobaltate has been used as a positive-electrodeactive material in a lithium ion secondary battery. Lithium cobaltate ispreferably used as a positive-electrode active material in a lithium ionsecondary battery because of its relatively high conductivity and ionconductivity. However, cobalt which is a material has modest depositsand is produced in limited regions, and thus has a problem in terms pfprice and stable supply.

In contrast, iron is inexpensive due to its abundant production, andNon-Patent Document 1 discloses that lithium iron phosphate which isobtained by using iron can serve as a positive electrode material of alithium ion secondary battery. Lithium iron phosphate, however, haslower lithium ion conductivity and electric conductivity than lithiumcobaltate, and thus needs to be carbon coated and be microparticles withan average particle size of 150 nm or less, preferably 20 nm to 100 nm.Note that the particle size is the size of a primary particle.

However, since such microparticles are likely to aggregate, it isdifficulty to mix lithium iron phosphate particles and a conductionauxiliary agent uniformly. To prevent the particles from aggregating,the proportion of the conduction auxiliary agent needs to be increased,but the increase makes it difficult to maintain the form of an electrodeand the proportion of a binder also needs to be increased, resulting ina reduction in storage capacity.

In the case where graphite particles are used as the conductionauxiliary agent, natural graphite is generally used by reason of cost.However, in that case, iron, lead, copper, or the like contained in thegraphite particles as an impurity reacts with an active material or acurrent collector, so that the potential and the capacity of the batteryare decreased.

Acetylene black contains fewer impurities and has a better developedchain structure than graphite particles and therefore has excellentelectrolyte retention characteristics, thereby improving the useefficiency of an active material. However, since a particle of acetyleneblack is a microparticle with a diameter of about 10 nm, current isconducted from the lithium iron phosphate particles by hopping betweenindividual acetylene black particles or acetylene black particle groups.

That is, every time the hopping occurs, the resistance is increased andthe discharging voltage is decreased when the power storage devicereleases electricity, i.e., a voltage drop occurs. The above problem isalso caused in the case where graphite particles are used. FIG. 2Aillustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrode includingacetylene black as a conduction auxiliary agent.

As described above, microparticles of active material particles arelikely to aggregate and unlikely to be mixed with a binder or acetyleneblack uniformly (or to be dispersed in a binder uniformly). Therefore, aportion where active material particles are concentrated (portion wherethe active material particles aggregate) and a portion where activematerial particles are thinly distributed are generated, resulting in areduction in the proportion of the active material in the electrode.Further, the portion where the active material particles areconcentrated includes a portion where acetylene black or the like doesnot exist, so that the conductivity in that portion is low and an activematerial that cannot contributed capacity is generated.

FIG. 2B shows a SEM image of a positive electrode of a conventionallithium ion secondary battery. In a general conventional electrode, theproportion of a material other than the active material has been 15% orhigher. To increase the capacity of a battery, it is necessary to reducethe weight or volume of the material other than the active material. Itis also necessary to take measures to prevent the material other thanthe active material (especially a binder) from swelling because theswelling might cause deformation of breakdown of the electrode.

REFERENCE Patent Documents

[Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No. H6-60870

[Patent Document 2] United States Published Patent Application No.2009/0110627

[Patent Document 3] United States Published Patent Application No.2007/0131915

Non-Patent Document

[Non-Patent Document 1] Padhi et al., “Phospho-olivines aspositive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries”, J.Electrochem. Soc. 144, 1188-1194 (1997).

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In view of the above problems, an object of one embodiment of theinvention is to provide a battery with larger electric capacity, anelectric appliance with excellent electric characteristic, or anelectric appliance with high reliability, i.e., an electric appliancewith durability for long-term use. Another object of one embodiment ofthe invention is to provide a power storage device which can prevent avoltage drop from being generated.

By mixing net-like graphene (hereinafter also referred to as graphenenet) formed of a stack of 1 to 100 graphene sheets and active materialparticles, either conductivity or a bond between the active materialparticles; or both, can be increased. Here, the net-like grapheneincludes two-dimensional graphene and three-dimensional graphene. Theaverage particle size of the active material particles is 150 nm orless, preferably 20 nm to 100 nm. Further, the graphene net includes ahole through which ions can pass.

Note that in this specification, graphene refers to a one-atom-thicksheet of carbon molecules having sp² bonds. Further, graphite refers toplural graphene sheets bonded to one another by the Van der Waals force.Among elements included in the graphene net, the proportion of elementsother than hydrogen and carbon is preferably 15 atomic % or lower, orthe proportion of elements other than carbon is preferably 30 atomic %or lower.

FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrode includinggraphene nets each having such an expansion. In FIG. 1A, a plurality ofgraphene nets and a plurality of active material particles areillustrated. Although it is not clear in the figure, a single layer ormultilayer of graphene are bonded at a plurality of portions to form acomplicated structure (graphene net) and increase the conductivity.Further, the active material particles tangle in the graphene nets, sothat the active material particles can be bonded to one another.

The graphene net has a two-dimensional expansion and also athree-dimensional structure including a depression or projection, sothat the active material particles included in one or a plurality ofgraphene nets. That is, the plurality of active material particlesexists within one graphene net or among a plurality of graphene nets.

Note that the graphene net has a bag-like shape, and might include theplurality of active material particles inside the bag-like portion.Further, the graphene net partly has an open portion where the activematerial particles maybe exposed. The graphene net can prevent theactive material particles from dispersing and collapsing.

As a result, the graphene net has a function of maintaining the bondbetween the active material particles even when the volume of the activematerial particles is increased and decreased by charging anddischarging. Further, since the graphene net is in contact with theplurality of active particles, the conductivity of the electrode can beincreased.

The bag-like portion of the graphene net can be filled with the activematerial particles. As described above, the graphene net is formed of astack of limited number of graphene sheets, and thus is very thin;accordingly, a cross section thereof is linear.

FIG. 1B shows a SEM image of an electrode in a state where such graphenenets are mixed with active material particles. Details of a method ofmanufacturing this electrode will be described later. As shown in FIG.1B, the surfaces of the active material particles are covered withfilm-like graphene nets, so that individual particles are difficult torecognize.

In the figure, particles are bonded to one another via the graphenenet(s). That is, one of the active material particles and another one ofthe active material particles are covered with one of the graphene nets.The graphene net serves as a binder binding the active materialparticles. Since the active material particles are bonded to one anothervia the graphene net(s), electricity can be conducted between the activematerial particles via the graphene net(s).

Needless to say, the graphene net is also in contact with a currentcollector; thereby binding the current collector and the active materialparticles. In that case, electricity can also be conducted between thecurrent collector and the active material particles via the graphenenet.

In this manner, the graphene net which has a two-dimensional expansionand whose thickness is negligible can serve as both the conductionauxiliary agent and the binder. As a result, even when the content ofgraphene nets is low, sufficient conductivity can be secured. Further,by reducing the distance between different graphene nets; the resistancetherebetween can be lowered, resulting in a reduction in voltage drops.

As a result, the content of the conduction auxiliary agent, such asacetylene black, or the binder, which has been necessary so far, can bereduced. Depending on the case, an electrode can be formed without usingthe conduction auxiliary agent or binder, which has been necessary sofar. Therefore, the volume proportion of the weight proportion of theactive material in the electrode can be increased.

The graphene net is formed by stacking 1 to 100 graphene sheets and canhave a particularly high conductivity of 1×10⁵ S/cm or higher whensubjected to doping treatment. This is advantageous in using thegraphene net as a conduction auxiliary agent. The doping treatment canbe performed by adding an alkali metal such as potassium.

The graphene net has high flexibility and high mechanical strength.Further, since the graphene net includes the active material particlesas illustrated in FIG. 1B, the bond between the active materialparticles can be maintained even when the volume of the active materialparticles is increased and decreased by charging and discharging.

The graphene net has higher heat resistance than an organic materialgenerally used as the binder. Therefore, when the graphene net is usedas an electrode material, it is possible to evaporate water from theelectrode by heat treatment at 300° C. or higher and reduce the waterconcentration sufficiently. Further, the graphene net hardly absorbs anelectrolyte, so that it is possible to suppress deformation or breakdownof the electrode owing to swelling of the graphene net in theelectrolyte.

Besides the graphene net, the electrode may include acetylene blackparticles having a volume 0.1 to 10 times as large as the graphene net,carbon particles having a one-dimensional expansion (e.g., a carbonnanofiber), or other known binders.

Another embodiment of the invention is a power storage device includingan electrode in which a plurality of graphene nets includes a pluralityof active material particles and the distance between the plurality ofgraphene nets with the plurality of active material particles placedtherebetween is short.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method of manufacturing anelectric appliance including the following steps: mixing a precursor ofa graphene net with active material particles; and heating the mixturein a vacuum or a reducing atmosphere. Another embodiment of theinvention is a method of manufacturing an electric appliance includingthe following steps: mixing a precursor of a graphene net with activematerial particles; and reducing the mixture by using a reducingmaterial.

As the precursor of the graphene net, it is possible to use grapheneoxide having a single-layer or multilayer structure. In that case, theprecursor does not particularly need to have a large expansion or be ahigh molecular compound, but precursors are bonded to each other in theheating step, resulting in polymerization or formation of a highmolecule, and formation of a larger, three-dimensional network.

Note that the graphene net in this specification does not necessarilyhave a two-dimensional structure in a strict sense, and may partly havea three-dimensional structure. For example, one graphene net can beformed by binding a graphene sheet to a portion of another graphenesheet.

The structure in which the graphene nets exist among the active materialparticles can increase at least one of the conductivity, a bond betweenthe active material particles, and dispersion of the active materialparticles. Further, the ion conductivity can be increased, and anelectric appliance with fewer voltage drops and large storage capacitycan be manufactured.

The above structure can increase the density of the active material orthe electrode, reduce the resistance between the active material and thecurrent collector, and suppress voltage drops. In particular, in a caseof a primary battery or a secondary battery, it is more preferable thatthe resistance (internal resistance) of an electrode be lower, which issuitable for applications where a large amount of power is requiredinstantaneously. The above structure is suitably used to achieve thatobject.

For example, a power source of an electric vehicle consumes a relativelysmall amount of power when the electric vehicle is driven on flatland.However, a large amount of power is consumed under hard acceleration orin ascending a slope. In that case, the power source needs to feed alarge amount of current; however, when internal resistance is high, asignificant voltage drop and also a loss due to the internal resistanceare caused. Further, in that case, the loss is increased when the weightof a battery is large.

As a result, part of the power which is expected to be available is lostunder such circumstances. For example, when a secondary battery is usedas the power supply, although stored power can be almost fully used ifthe vehicle is driven on flatland, part of the power is lost inascending a slope or under acceleration. Such a loss can be suppressedby lowering the internal resistance and reducing the weight of thebattery (or increasing the battery capacity).

Note that sufficient characteristics can be obtained by using activematerial particles whose surfaces are not carbon coated, but it ispreferable to use carbon coated active material particles or activematerial particles with high conductivity together with the graphenenet.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of graphene nets and activematerial particles, and FIG. 1B is a SEM image thereof.

FIG. 2A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional conductionauxiliary agent (acetylene black particles) and active materialparticles, and FIG. 2B is a SEM image thereof.

FIG. 3A shows weight changes and differential thermal changes ofgraphene oxide due to heat, and FIG. 3B shows the amount of releasedcarbon dioxide.

FIG. 4 shows changes of infrared spectra of graphene oxide due to heat.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a secondary battery.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-sectional SEM images of electrodes fabricatedin Example.

FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional SEM image of an electrode fabricated inExample, and FIG. 7B is a view illustrating graphene.

FIG. 8 shows characteristics of lithium secondary batteries fabricatedin Example.

FIG. 9 shows characteristics of lithium secondary batteries fabricatedin Example.

FIG. 10 illustrates application examples of a power storage device.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments will be described with reference to drawings.However, the embodiments can be implemented with various modes. It willbe readily appreciated by those skilled in the art that modes anddetails can be changed in various ways without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. Thus, the invention should not beinterpreted as being limited to the following description of theembodiments.

Embodiment 1

This embodiment will show a method of manufacturing a lithium ionsecondary battery which is one embodiment of the invention. The methodof manufacturing an electrode of the lithium ion secondary batteryincludes a step of mixing a precursor of a graphene net with activematerial particles and applying the mixture onto a current collector,and a step of heating this mixture in a vacuum or a reducing atmosphere.As the precursor of the graphene net, graphene oxide (or multilayergraphene oxide) can be used.

The precursor of the graphene net does not particularly need to have alarge expansion or be a high molecular compound, but precursors arebonded to each other in the heating step, resulting in polymerization orformation of a high molecule, formation of a larger, three-dimensionalnetwork, and formation of the graphene net.

The following shows details. In this embodiment, an oxidation methodcalled Hummers method is used. First, graphite such as flake graphite isoxidized to give graphite oxide. The graphite oxide refers to graphitewhich is oxidized in places and to which a functional group such as acarbonyl group, a carboxyl group, or a hydroxyl group is bonded. In thegraphite oxide, the crystallinity of the graphite is lost and thedistance between pieces of graphene is increased. Therefore, graphiteoxide layers are easily separated from each other by ultrasonictreatment or the like.

As a result, graphene oxide in which 1 to 100 carbon sheets(corresponding to graphene) are stacked is obtained. Note that theperiphery of graphene oxide is terminated by a functional group, wherebythe graphene oxide can be suspended in a polar solvent such as water,chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), or N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP).The solution containing the graphene oxide which has been subjected tothe ultrasonic treatment is dried to give graphene oxide powder.

The graphene oxide obtained in this manner is mixed with active materialparticles with an average particle size of 150 nm or less, preferablyfrom 20 nm to 100 nm. The active material particles are mixed such thatthe proportion thereof in the mixture becomes 90% or higher, preferably95% or higher. Before the mixing, only graphene oxide is preferablysuspended in a solvent such as water or NMP. After that, the activematerial particles are mixed into the suspension to give a slurry.Another conduction auxiliary agent such as acetylene black or a bindermay be additionally mixed as appropriate.

Furthered carbohydrate such as glucose may be mixed. So that the activematerial particles are coated with carbon at the time of later-performedbaking. Needless to say, active material particles that are alreadycoated with carbon may alternatively be used.

A variety of materials can be used as the active material. Examples of apositive electrode active material include, but are not limited to,lithium compounds such as lithium cobaltate, lithium ferrate, lithiumnickel oxide, and lithium manganate, and lithium-containing compositeoxides such as lithium iron phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate,lithium manganese silicate, and lithium iron silicate.

Note that lithium iron phosphate refers to an oxide containing lithium,phosphorus, and iron. Lithium iron phosphate preferably has an olivinestructure. When lithium iron phosphate is used as an active material,the concentration of lithium differs significantly depending on chargingand discharging conditions. Therefore, the ratio of phosphorus to ironis important for lithium iron phosphate used as an active material, andthe most ideal ratio of the number of phosphorus atoms to the number ofiron atoms is 1. However, the ratio of the number of phosphorus atoms tothe number of iron atoms may be higher than or equal to 0.7 and lowerthan or equal to 1.5. The same applies to other lithium-containingcomposite oxides.

In a lithium ion secondary battery, carrier ions are lithium ions. Inthe case of a metal ion secondary battery in which the carrier ions arealkali metal ions other than lithium ions, alkaline earth metal ions,magnesium ions, or the like, a positive electrode active material mayinclude, instead of lithium in the lithium compound and thelithium-containing composite oxide, an alkali metal (e.g., sodium orpotassium), an alkaline earth metal (e.g., calcium, strontium, orbarium), or magnesium.

Note that the lithium-containing composite oxide having an olivinestructure can be expressed as general formula LiMPO₄ (M is at least oneof Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II), or general formulaLi_((2-j))MSiO₄ (M is at least one of Fe(II), Mn(II), Co(II), andNi(II), 0≤j≤2).

The obtained slurry applied onto a current collector. The thickness canbe set as appropriate, and is preferably 1 μm to 1 mm. Then, the slurryis dried. The drying may be followed by pressing as needed.

After that, in order to cause reduction, the graphene oxide is heated ina vacuum or a reducing atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon at 150° C.to 900° C. The heating may be performed in the air depending on thetemperature. The temperature is set in accordance with the heatresistance of the current collector or the active material, theconductivity required for the graphene oxide, or the like. As a resultof the inventors' experiments, it turns out that the reduction of theheated graphene oxide proceeds rapidly at 170° C. to 200° C.

FIG. 3A shows weight changes (solid line) and differential thermalchanges (dotted line) of graphene oxide which is formed in the abovemanner and heated in a helium atmosphere from room temperature to 1000°C. at a temperature rising rate of 2° C./min. A heat generation peakaccompanied by a significant reduction in weight is seen at around 200°C., indicating a certain chemical change.

Molecules released in the above measurement are analyzed by massspectrometry. From the results, FIG. 3B shows the amount of releasedmolecules having a mass number of 44 (presumed to be carbon dioxide). Animmediate release of molecules having a mass number of 44 is also seenat around 200° C.

Although not shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, significantly large amounts ofmolecules having a mass number of 12 (carbon atoms which might have beengenerated by decomposition of molecules containing carbon in the massspectrometry), molecules having a mass number of 16 (presumed to beoxygen atoms), and molecules having a mass number of 18 (presumed to bewater) are also seen at around 200° C., indicating that oxygen andhydrogen as well as carbon are released from the graphene oxide at thistemperature; in other words, it is indicated that reduction occurs atthis temperature.

Since graphite is treated with sulfuric acid according to the Hummersmethod, a sulfone group and the like are also bonded to the multilayergraphene oxide, and its decomposition (release) turns out to start ataround 200° C. to 300° C. Therefore, graphene oxide is preferablyreduced at 200° C. or higher, more preferably at 300° C. or higher.

Higher temperature enhances the reduction and increases the proportionof carbon in the graphene net to be formed. Further, more defects arerepaired and the conductivity is enhanced. From the inventors'measurement, for example, the resistivity of the graphene net isapproximately 240 MΩ·cm at a heating temperature of 100° C.,approximately 4 kΩ·cm at a heating temperature of 200° C., andapproximately 2.8 Ω·cm at a heating temperature of 300° C. (each valueis measured by the van der Pauw method).

In this reduction process, graphene oxide molecules are bonded toadjacent graphene oxide molecules, so that larger graphene molecules areobtained and a three-dimensional network like a net is formed. At thistime, active material particles are tangled in the molecules, resultingin higher bonding strength between the active material particles.

Depending on the reduction temperature, the conductivity of the graphenenets changes as described above; in addition, its flexibility, strength,and the like also change. The reduction temperature may be set inaccordance with the required conductivity, flexibility, strength, andthe like. In the case where the conductivity of graphene nets used as abinder is not sufficiently high, a required amount of a known conductionauxiliary agent is preferably added so as to increase the conductivity.

As a result of inventors' examinations, it has turned out that along-time heating treatment even at 150° C. enhances reduction. FIG. 4shows results of infrared spectroscopy (transmittances) in the caseswhere graphene oxide is heated at 150° C. for 1 hour and for 10 hours.In the case where the heating at 150° C. is performed only for 1 hour,much absorption occurs due to a C═O bond, a C═C bond, a C—O bond, andthe like. In contrast, in the case where the heating at 150° C. isperformed for 10 hours, less absorption occurs due to the above carbonand oxygen bonds.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating the structure of a coin-typesecondary battery. The above slurry is applied onto a positive electrodecurrent collector 128, molded, and then dried and reduced, whereby apositive electrode active material layer 130 is formed. As a materialfor the positive electrode current collector 128, aluminum is preferablyused. In that case, the reduction temperature ranges from 200° C. to600° C., and is 300° C. for example.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the coin-type secondary battery includes anegative electrode 104, a positive electrode 132, a separator 110, anelectrolyte (not illustrated), a housing 106, and a housing 144.Besides, the coin-type secondary battery includes a ring-shapedinsulator 120, a spacer 140, and a washer 142. As the positive electrode132, the electrode that is obtained in the above step by forming thepositive electrode active material layer 130 over the positive electrodecurrent collector 128 is used.

It is preferable to use, without limitation, an electrolyte in whichLiPF₆ is dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) anddiethyl carbonate (DEC).

The negative electrode 104 includes a negative electrode active materiallayer 102 over a negative electrode current collector 100. As thenegative electrode current collector 100, copper may be used, forexample. The negative electrode active material layer 102 is preferablyformed using, as a negative electrode active material, metallic lithium,graphite, polyacene, silicon, or the like alone or in combination with abinder.

An insulator with pores (e.g., polypropylene) may be used for theseparator 110. Alternatively, a solid electrolyte which can transmitlithium ions may be used.

The housing 106, the housing 144, the spacer 140, and the washer 142each of which is made of metal (e.g., stainless steel) are preferablyused. The housing 106 and the housing 144 have a function ofelectrically connecting the negative electrode 104 and the positiveelectrode 132 to an external unit.

The negative electrode 104, the positive electrode 132, and theseparator 110 are soaked in the electrolyte. Then, as illustrated inFIG. 5, the negative electrode 104, the separator 110, the ring-shapedinsulator 120, the positive electrode 132, the spacer 140, the washer142, and the housing 144 are stacked in this order with the housing 106positioned at the bottom. The housing 106 and the housing 144 aresubjected to pressure bonding. In such a manner, the coin-typelithium-ion secondary battery is manufactured.

Embodiment 2

Examples of electric appliances according to the invention include avariety of dry batteries, storage batteries, and the like. As anadditive to their positive electrodes or negative electrodes, forexample, the graphene net described in Embodiment 1 may be used.

Examples of electric appliances according to the invention furtherinclude electric power tools, personal computers, mobile phones, mobilegame machines, mobile information terminals, e-book readers, videocameras, digital still cameras, and the like. Such electric appliancesare not always supplied with power by a wire and therefore include astorage battery inside. As an additive to positive electrodes ornegative electrodes of the storage batteries, for example, the graphenenet described in Embodiment 1 may be used.

In particular, a storage battery with low internal resistance isrequired for applications where a large amount of current needs to befed instantaneously or where a required current value varies greatly.Therefore, a sufficient effect can be obtained by using the invention.Further, a storage battery with large electric capacity is required fordevices that are carried or moving devices. Therefore, a sufficienteffect can be obtained by using the invention.

Besides, specific examples of electronic and electric appliancesincluding the power storage device according to one embodiment of theinvention include the following: display devices, lighting devices,image reproduction devices which reproduce a still image or a movingimage stored in a recording medium such as a digital versatile disc(DVD), high-frequency heating apparatus such as microwaves, electricrice cookers, electric washing machines, air-conditioning systems suchas air conditioners, electric refrigerators, electric freezers, electricrefrigerator-freezers, freezers for preserving DNA, dialysis devices,and the like.

In addition, moving objects driven by an electric motor using power froma power storage device are also included in the category of electronicand electric appliances. As examples of the moving objects, electricvehicles, hybrid vehicles which include both an internal-combustionengine and a motor, motorized bicycles including motor-assistedbicycles, and the like can be given.

In the electronic and electric appliances, the power storage deviceaccording to one embodiment of the invention can be used as a powerstorage device for supplying enough power for almost the whole powerconsumption (referred to as main power supply). Alternatively, in theelectronic and electric appliances, the power storage device accordingto one embodiment of the invention can be used as a power storage devicewhich can supply power to the electronic and electric appliances whenthe supply of power from a commercial power supply is stopped (such apower storage device is referred to as uninterruptible power supply).

Further alternatively, in the electronic and electric appliances, thepower storage device according to one embodiment of the invention can beused as a power storage device for supplying power to the electronic andelectric appliances at the same time as the power supply from the mainpower supply or a commercial power supply (such a power storage deviceis referred to as auxiliary power supply).

FIG. 10 illustrates specific structures of the electronic and electricappliances. In FIG. 10, a display device 201 is an example of anelectronic and electric appliance including a power storage device 205according to one embodiment of the invention. Specifically, the displaydevice 201 corresponds to a display device for TV broadcast receptionand includes a housing 202, a display portion 203, speaker portions 204,the power storage device 205, and the like. The power storage device 205according to one embodiment of the invention is provided inside thehousing 202.

The display device 201 can receive power from a commercial power supply.Alternatively, the display device 201 can use power stored in the powerstorage device 205. Thus, the display device 201 can be operated withthe use of the power storage device 205 according to one embodiment ofthe invention as an uninterruptible power supply even when power cannotbe supplied from the commercial power supply due to power failure or thelike.

A semiconductor display device such as a liquid crystal display device,a light-emitting device in which a light-emitting element such as anorganic EL element is provided in each pixel, an electrophoresis displaydevice, a digital micromirror device (DMD), a plasma display panel(PDP), a field emission display (FED), and the like can be used for thedisplay portion 203.

Note that the display device includes, in its category, all ofinformation display devices for personal computers, advertisementdisplays, and the like other than TV broadcast reception.

In FIG. 10, an installation lighting device 211 is an example of anelectric appliance including a power storage device 214 according to oneembodiment of the invention. Specifically, the lighting device 211includes a housing 212, a light source 213, the power storage device214, and the like. FIG. 10 illustrates the case where the power storagedevice 214 is provided in a ceiling 215 on which the housing 212 and thelight source 213 are installed; alternatively, the power storage device214 may be provided in the housing 212.

The lighting device 211 can receive power from the commercial powersupply. Alternatively, the lighting device 211 can use power stored inthe power storage device 214. Thus, the lighting device 211 can beoperated with the use of the power storage device 214 according to oneembodiment of the invention as an uninterruptible power supply even whenpower cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to powerfailure or the like.

Note that although the installation lighting device 211 provided in theceiling 215 is illustrated in FIG. 10 as an example, the power storagedevice according to one embodiment of the invention can be used in aninstallation lighting device provided in, for example, a wall 216, afloor 217, a window 218, or the like other than the ceiling 215.Alternatively, the power storage device can be used in a tabletoplighting device and the like.

As the light source 213, an artificial light source which provides lightartificially by using power can be used. Specifically, a discharge lampsuch as an incandescent lamp and a fluorescent lamp, and alight-emitting element such as an LED and an organic EL element aregiven as examples of the artificial light source.

In FIG. 10, an air conditioner including an indoor unit 221 and anoutdoor unit 225 is an example of an electric appliance including apower storage device 224 according to one embodiment of the invention.Specifically, the indoor unit 221 includes a housing 222, a ventilationduct 223, the power storage device 224, and the like. FIG. 10illustrates the case where the power storage device 224 is provided inthe indoor unit 221; alternatively, the power storage device 224 may beprovided in the outdoor unit 225. Further alternatively, the powerstorage device 224 may be provided in each of the indoor unit 221 andthe outdoor unit 225.

The air conditioner can receive power from the commercial power supply.Alternatively, the air conditioner can use power stored in the powerstorage device 224. In particular, in the case where the power storagedevices 224 are provided in both the indoor unit 221 and the outdoorunit 225, the air conditioner can be operated with the Use of the powerstorage device 224 according to one embodiment of the invention as anuninterruptible power supply even when power cannot be supplied from thecommercial power supply due to power failure or the like.

Note that although the separated air conditioner including the indoorunit and the outdoor unit is illustrated in FIG. 10 as an example, thepower storage device according to one embodiment of the invention can beused in an air conditioner in which the functions of an indoor unit andan outdoor unit are integrated in one housing.

In FIG. 10, an electric refrigerator-freezer 231 is an example of anelectric appliance including a power storage device 235 according to oneembodiment of the invention. Specifically, the electricrefrigerator-freezer 231 includes a housing 232, a door for arefrigerator 233, a door for a freezer 234, the power storage device235, and the like. The power storage device 235 is provided in thehousing 232 in FIG. 10. The electric refrigerator-freezer 231 canreceive power from the commercial power supply. Alternatively, theelectric refrigerator-freezer 231 can use power stored in the powerstorage device 235. Thus, the electric refrigerator-freezer 231 can beoperated with the use of the power storage device 235 according to oneembodiment of the invention as an uninterruptible power supply even whenpower cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to powerfailure or the like.

Note that among the electronic and electric appliances described above,a high-frequency heating apparatus such as a microwave and an electricappliance such as an electric rice cooker require high power in a shorttime. The tripping of a circuit breaker of a commercial power supply inuse of electric appliances can be prevented by using the power storagedevice according to one embodiment of the invention as an auxiliarypower supply for supplying power which cannot be supplied enough by acommercial power supply.

In addition, in a time period when electronic and electric appliancesare not used, specifically when the proportion of the amount of powerwhich is actually used to the total amount of power which can besupplied by a commercial power supply source (such a proportion referredto as usage rate of power) is low, power can be stored in the powerstorage device, whereby the usage rate of power can be reduced in a timeperiod when the electronic and electric appliances are used. In the caseof the electric refrigerator-freezer 231, power can be stored in thepower storage device 235 at night time when the temperature is low andthe door for a refrigerator 233 and the door for a freezer 234 are notopened or closed. Meanwhile, the power storage device 235 is used as anauxiliary power supply in daytime when the temperature is high and thedoor for a refrigerator 233 and the door for a freezer 234 are openedand closed; thus, the usage rate of power in daytime can be reduced.

Example 1

To investigate the effect of a graphene net obtained by reducinggraphene oxide, the following two samples were fabricated and theircharacteristics were compared. Sample A was fabricated by applying amixture of only active material (lithium iron phosphate) particles andgraphene oxide onto a current collector (aluminum) and heating themixture in a vacuum.

Sample B was fabricated by applying a mixture of active material(lithium iron phosphate) particles, a binder (polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) produced by KUREHA CORPORATION), and a conduction auxiliary agent(acetylene black produced by DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA) onto acurrent collector (aluminum) and drying the mixture. The active materialparticles and the current collector were the same as those of Sample A.

The lithium iron phosphate particles and the graphene oxide wereobtained as follows. First, lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), iron oxalate(Fe(C₂O₄).2H₂O), and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) wereweighed out such that the molar ratio therebetween was 1:2:2, and wereground and mixed with a wet ball mill (the ball diameter was 3 mm andacetone was used as a solvent) at 400 rpm for 2 hours.

After the drying, pre-baking was performed at 350° C. for 10 hours in anitrogen atmosphere, and the grinding and mixing were performed againwith the wet ball mill (the ball diameter was 3 mm) at 400 rpm for 2hours. Then, baking was performed at 600° C. for 10 hours in a nitrogenatmosphere. The lithium iron phosphate particles obtained in that mannerwere not coated with carbon.

The graphene oxide was prepared as follows. Potassium permanganate wasadded to a mixture of graphite (flake carbon) and concentrated sulfuricacid and stirred for 2 hours. After that, pure water was added to themixture, and the mixture including the pure water was stirred for 15minutes while being heated. Then, hydrogen peroxide was further added tothe mixture, so that a yellow brown solution including graphite oxidewas obtained. Further, this solution was filtered and hydrochloric acidwas added, followed by washing with pure water. Next, ultrasonictreatment was performed for 2 hours, so that the graphite oxide wasprocessed into the graphene oxide.

The following shows detailed conditions for fabricating the samples.Sample A was obtained by mixing 3 wt % graphene oxide and 97 wt % activematerial particles with NMP having a weight about twice as large as thetotal weight of the graphene oxide and the active material particles,applying the mixture onto a current collector of aluminum (with athickness of 20 μm), forced-air drying the mixture at 120° C. for 15minutes, and heating the mixture at 300° C. for 8 to 10 hours in avacuum.

Sample B was obtained by mixing 85 wt % active material particles, a 7wt % binder, and a 8 wt % conduction auxiliary agent with NMP having aweight about twice as large as the total weight of the active materialparticles, the binder, and the conduction auxiliary agent, applying themixture onto a current collector of aluminum (with a thickness of 20μm), forced-air drying the mixture at 120° C. for 15 minutes, andheating the mixture at 180° C. for 10 hours in a vacuum.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show cross-sectional SEM images (backscattered electronimages) of Sample A and Sample B obtained in the above manner. FIG. 6Ashows the SEM image of Sample A and FIG. 6B shows the SEM image ofSample B. In either image, low contrast portions (white portions) areactive material particles. As is clear from the comparison between FIGS.6A and 6B, active material particles occupy a large area in Sample Awhereas they occupy a small area in Sample B. That is, the density ofthe active material in Sample A is higher than in Sample B.

FIG. 7A shows another cross-sectional SEM secondary electron image ofSample A. That cross section shows the state of the graphene net;specifically, graphene nets were formed so as to include the activematerial particles. FIG. 7B shows only graphene net portions extractedfrom FIG. 7A.

Circular Sample A and Sample B were stamped out together with thecurrent collectors. Batteries were fabricated by using the following:these circular Sample A and Sample B together with the currentcollectors as the respective positive electrodes, metallic lithium fornegative electrodes, a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) anddiethyl carbonate (DEC) (with a volume ratio of 1:1) in which lithiumhexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) (concentration: 1 mol/L) was dissolved aselectrolytes, and polypropylene separators as separators.

Discharging characteristics of these batteries were measured and thencharging characteristics thereof were measured. Note that thedischarging rate was 0.2 C and the charging rate was 1 C. The chargingwas stopped when the constant voltage becomes 4.3 V and then the currentdropped to 0.016 C.

FIG. 8 shows discharging and charging characteristics of the batteriesincluding Sample A and Sample B. It turns out that Sample A is excellentin both discharging and charging compared to Sample B. Note that thecapacity is a capacity value per weight of active material. As describedabove, although the two electrodes had the same weight, Sample Acontains a larger amount of the active material than Sample B.Therefore, Sample A has larger capacity per weight of electrode thanSample B.

Example 2

To investigate the effect of a graphene net obtained by reducinggraphene oxide, the following two samples were fabricated and theircharacteristics were compared. In a manner similar to that in Example 1,Sample C was fabricated by applying a mixture of only active material(lithium iron phosphate) particles (which are not carbon coated) andgraphene oxide onto a current collector (aluminum) and heating themixture in a vacuum at 300° C. for 10 hours. The ratio of the grapheneoxide to the lithium iron phosphate was 5:95. Note that the grapheneoxide was reduced by heating treatment, so that the weight is assumed tobe reduced by half.

Sample D was fabricated by applying a mixture of active material(lithium iron phosphate) particles whose surfaces are carbon coated, abinder (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) produced by KUREHA CORPORATION),and a conduction auxiliary agent (acetylene black produced by DENKIKAGAKU KOGYO KABUSHIKI KAISHA) onto a current collector (aluminum) anddrying the mixture. The current collector was the same as that of SampleC. In general, by carbon coating lithium iron phosphate particles,electricity that substantially corresponds to theoretical capacity canbe stored.

The lithium iron phosphate particles of Sample C were the same as thosein Example 1. Further, the graphene oxide was the same as that inExample 1. Sample C was fabricated in a manner similar to that forSample A.

The lithium iron phosphate particles of Sample D were prepared asfollows. First, lithium carbonate (Li₂CO₃), iron oxalate(Fe(C₂O₄).2H₂O), and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) wereweighed out such that the molar ratio therebetween was 1:2:2, and wereground and mixed with a wet ball mill (the ball diameter was 3 mm andacetone was used as a solvent) at 400 rpm for 2 hours.

After the drying, pre-baking was performed at 350° C. for 10 hours in anitrogen atmosphere, and the grinding and mixing were performed againwith the wet ball mill (the ball diameter was 3 mm) at 400 rpm for 2hours. Then, 10 wt % glucose was added, and baking was performed at 600°C. for 10 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere.

Sample D was obtained by mixing 80 wt % active material particles(including the weight of the carbon coating), a 5 wt % binder, and a 15wt % conduction auxiliary agent with NMP having a weight twice as largeas the total weight of the active material particles, the binder, andthe conduction auxiliary agent, applying the mixture onto a currentcollector of aluminum (with a thickness of 20 μm), force-air drying themixture at 120° C. for 15 minutes, and heating the mixture at 180° C.for 10 hours in a vacuum.

Circular Sample C and Sample D were stamped out together with thecurrent collectors. Batteries were fabricated by using the following:these circular Sample C and Sample D together with the currentcollectors as the respective positive electrodes, metallic lithium fornegative electrodes, a mixed solution of ethylene carbonate (EC) anddiethyl carbonate (DEC) (with a volume ratio of 1:1) in which lithiumhexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) (concentration: 1 mol/L) was dissolved aselectrolytes, and polypropylene separators as separators.

Discharging characteristics of these batteries were measured and thencharging characteristics thereof were measured. Note that thedischarging rate was 0.2 C and the charging rate was 0.2 C.

In Example 2, charging capacity and discharging capacity per weight ofactive material layer which is to be actually used are compared. Asdescribed above, the active material layer formed over the currentcollector includes, in addition to the active material (or the activematerial particles), the binder, the conduction auxiliary agent, thegraphene nets, and the like, which are necessary for charging anddischarging. Therefore, to compare performance of batteries properly,capacities per weight of active material layer need to be compared.

FIG. 9 shows discharging and charging characteristics of the batteriesincluding Sample C and Sample D, Sample D contains the 20 wt % binderand conduction auxiliary agent, whereas Sample C contains only about 2.5wt % graphene nets besides the active material. Therefore, by comparisonbetween positive electrode active material layers having the sameweight, Sample C can store a larger amount of electricity.

EXPLANATION OF REFERENCE

-   100: negative electrode current collector, 102: negative electrode    active material layer, 104: negative electrode, 106: housing, 110:    separator, 120: ring-shaped insulator, 128: positive electrode    current collector, 130: positive electrode active material layer,    132: positive electrode, 140: spacer, 142: washer, 144: housing,    201: display device, 202: housing, 203: display portion, 204:    speaker portions, 205: power storage device, 211: lighting device,    212: housing, 213: light source, 214: power storage device, 215:    ceiling, 216: wall, 217: floor, 218: window, 221: indoor unit, 222:    housing, 223: ventilation duct, 224: power storage device, 225:    outdoor unit, 231: electric refrigerator-freezer, 232: housing, 233:    door for refrigerator, 234: door for freezer, 235: power storage    device.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no.2011-124861 filed with Japan Patent Office on Jun. 3, 2011, JapanesePatent Application serial no. 2011-140521 filed with Japan Patent Officeon Jun. 24, 2011, and Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2011-141018filed with Japan Patent Office on Jun. 24, 2011, the entire contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference.

1. An electrode comprising: an active material layer comprising: activematerial particles with an average primary particle size of 20 nm to 100nm; and a carbon material which is a one-atom-thick sheet of a carbonmolecule having sp² bonds or a stack of less than 100 sheets of theone-atom-thick sheets, wherein the active material particles comprisesoxygen atoms, and wherein a weight ratio of the active materialparticles to the active material layer is 95% or higher.
 2. Theelectrode according to claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the activematerial particles to the active material layer is 97% or higher.
 3. Theelectrode according to claim 1, wherein the active material layer doesnot comprise a polymer organic compound.
 4. The electrode according toclaim 1, wherein each surface of the active material particles is coatedwith a conductive film comprising carbon.
 5. The electrode according toclaim 1, wherein a material of the active material particles is lithiumiron phosphate.
 6. An power storage device comprising the electrodeaccording to claim 1, a counter electrode and an electrolyte.
 7. Anelectric appliance comprising the power storage device according toclaim
 6. 8. An electrode comprising: an active material layercomprising: active material particles with an average primary particlesize of 20 nm to 100 nm; and a piece of graphene as a 1 to 100 carbonsheets, wherein a material of the active material particles is apositive electrode active material comprising an oxygen atom, andwherein a weight ratio of the active material particles to the activematerial layer is 95% or higher.
 9. The electrode according to claim 8,wherein the weight ratio of the active material particles to the activematerial layer is 97% or higher.
 10. The electrode according to claim 8,wherein the active material layer does not comprise a polymer organiccompound.
 11. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein each surfaceof the active material particles is coated with a conductive filmcomprising carbon.
 12. The electrode according to claim 8, wherein thematerial of the active material particles is lithium iron phosphate. 13.An power storage device comprising the electrode according to claim 8, acounter electrode and an electrolyte.
 14. An electrode comprising: anactive material layer comprising: active material particles with anaverage primary particle size of 20 nm to 100 nm; a first piece ofgraphene as a 1 to 100 carbon sheets; and a second piece of graphene asa 1 to 100 carbon sheets, wherein a material of the active materialparticles comprises an oxygen atom, wherein a first particle of theactive material particles is covered with the first piece of graphene,wherein a second particle of the active material particles is coveredwith the second piece of graphene, wherein a weight ratio of the activematerial particles to the active material layer is 95% or higher, andwherein the first piece of graphene has bonds of the second piece ofgraphene at a plurality of portions of the first piece of graphene. 15.The electrode according to claim 14, wherein the weight ratio of theactive material particles to the active material layer is 97% or higher.16. The electrode according to claim 14, wherein the active materiallayer does not comprise a polymer organic compound.
 17. The electrodeaccording to claim 14, wherein each surface of the active materialparticles is coated with a conductive film comprising carbon.
 18. Anpower storage device comprising the electrode according to claim 14, acounter electrode and an electrolyte.